PART (III) FUNDAMENTAL RIGHTS Articles from 12- 35

 

Fundamental Rights - Articles 12-35 (Part III of Indian Constitution) Handwritten Notes PDF Available Soon 

Click Here For All Important Links  

Articles 12-35 of Indian Constitution deal with Fundamental Rights. These human rights are conferred upon the citizens of India for the Constitution tells that these rights are inviolable. Right to Life, Right to Dignity, Right to Education etc. all come under one of the six main fundamental rights.

In this article, you can read all about 6 fundamental rights of India:

Right to Equality Right to Freedom Right against Exploitation Right to Freedom of Religion Cultural and Educational Rights Right to Constitutional Remedies

What are the Fundamental Rights?
Fundamental rights are the basic human rights enshrined in the Constitution of India which are guaranteed to all citizens. They are applied without discrimination on the basis of race, religion, gender, etc. Significantly, fundamental rights are enforceable by the courts, subject to certain conditions.

Why are they called Fundamental Rights?

These rights are called fundamental rights because of two reasons:

1. 
   They are enshrined in the Constitution which guarantees them

They are justiciable (enforceable by courts). In case of a violation, a person can approach a court of law.

List of Fundamental Rights

There are six fundamental rights of Indian Constitution along with the constitutional articles related to them are mentioned below:

Right to Equality (Article 14-18)
Right to Freedom (Article 19-22)
Right against Exploitation (Article 23-24)
Right to Freedom of Religion (Article 25-28)
Cultural and Educational Rights (Article 29-30)
Right to Constitutional Remedies (Article 32)

Why Right to Property is not a Fundamental Right?
There was one more fundamental right in the Constitution, i.e., the right to property. 
However, this right was removed from the list of fundamental rights by the 44th Constitutional Amendment. 
This was because this right proved to be a hindrance towards attaining the goal of socialism and redistributing wealth (property) equitably among the people. 

Note: The right to property is now a legal right and not a fundamental right. 
Introduction to Six Fundamental Rights (Articles 12 to 35)
Under this section, we list the fundamental rights in India and briefly describe each of them.

1. Right to Equality (Articles 14 – 18)
Right to equality guarantees equal rights for everyone, irrespective of religion, gender, caste, race or place of birth. It ensures equal employment opportunities in the government and insures against discrimination by the State in matters of employment on the basis of caste, religion, etc. This right also includes the abolition of titles as well as untouchability.

2. Right to Freedom (Articles 19 – 22)

Freedom is one of the most important ideals cherished by any democratic society. The Indian Constitution guarantees freedom to citizens. The freedom right includes many rights such as:

Freedom of speech
Freedom of expression
Freedom of assembly without arms
Freedom of association
Freedom to practise any profession 
Freedom to reside in any part of the country

Some of these rights are subject to certain conditions of state security, public morality and decency and friendly relations with foreign countries. This means that the State has the right to impose reasonable restrictions on them.

3. Right against Exploitation (Articles 23 – 24)
This right implies the prohibition of traffic in human beings, begar, and other forms of forced labour. It also implies the prohibition of children in factories, etc. The Constitution prohibits the employment of children under 14 years in hazardous conditions.

4. Right to Freedom of Religion (Articles 25 – 28)
This indicates the secular nature of Indian polity. There is equal respect given to all religions. There is freedom of conscience, profession, practice and propagation of religion. The State has no official religion. Every person has the right to freely practice his or her faith, establish and maintain religious and charitable institutions.

5. Cultural and Educational Rights (Articles 29 – 30)
These rights protect the rights of religious, cultural and linguistic minorities, by facilitating them to preserve their heritage and culture. Educational rights are for ensuring education for everyone without any discrimination.

6. Right to Constitutional Remedies (32 – 35)
The Constitution guarantees remedies if citizens’ fundamental rights are violated. The government cannot infringe upon or curb anyone’s rights. When these rights are violated, the aggrieved party can approach the courts. Citizens can even go directly to the Supreme Court which can issue writs for enforcing fundamental rights.

Features of Fundamental Rights

Fundamental rights are different from ordinary legal rights in the manner in which they are enforced. If a legal right is violated, the aggrieved person cannot directly approach the SC bypassing the lower courts. He or she should first approach the lower courts.
Some of the fundamental rights are available to all citizens while the rest are for all persons (citizens and foreigners).
Fundamental rights are not absolute rights. They have reasonable restrictions, which means they are subject to the conditions of state security, public morality and decency and friendly relations with foreign countries.
They are justiciable, implying they are enforceable by courts. People can approach the SC directly in case of violation of fundamental rights.
Fundamental rights can be amended by the Parliament by a constitutional amendment but only if the amendment does not alter the basic structure of the Constitution. 
Fundamental rights can be suspended during a national emergency. But, the rights guaranteed under Articles 20 and 21 cannot be suspended.

Fundamental Rights Available Only to Citizens

The following is the list of fundamental rights that are available only to citizens (and not to foreigners):

Prohibition of discrimination on grounds of race, religion, caste, gender or place of birth (Article 15).

Equality of opportunity in matters of public employment (Article 16).

Protection of freedom of:(Article 19)

Speech and expression
Association
Assembly
Movement
Residence
Profession
Protection of the culture, language and script of minorities (Article 29).
Right of minorities to establish and administer educational institutions (Article 30).

Importance of Fundamental Rights
Fundamental rights are very important because they are like the backbone of the country. They are essential for safeguarding the people’s interests.
According to Article 13, all laws that are violative of fundamental rights shall be void. Here, there is an express provision for judicial review. The SC and the High Courts can declare any law unconstitutional on the grounds that it is violative of the fundamental rights. Article 13 talks about not just laws, but also ordinances, orders, regulations, notifications, etc.

Amendability of Fundamental Rights
Any changes to the fundamental rights require a constitutional amendment that should be passed by both the Houses of Parliament. The amendment bill should be passed by a special majority of Parliament.

As per the Constitution, Article 13(2) states that no laws can be made that take away fundamental rights.
The question is whether a constitutional amendment act can be termed law or not.
In the Sajjan Singh case of 1965, the Supreme Court held that the Parliament can amend any part of the Constitution including fundamental rights.
But in 1967, the SC reversed its stance taken earlier when in the verdict of the Golaknath case, it said that the fundamental rights cannot be amended.
In 1973, a landmark judgement ensued in the Kesavananda Bharati case, where the SC held that although no part of the Constitution, including Fundamental Rights, was beyond the Parliament’s amending power, the “basic structure of the Constitution could not be abrogated even by a constitutional amendment.”
This is the basis in Indian law in which the judiciary can strike down any amendment passed by Parliament that is in conflict with the basic structure of the Constitution.
In 1981, the Supreme Court reiterated the Basic Structure doctrine. 
It also drew a line of demarcation as April 24th, 1973 i.e., the date of the Kesavananda Bharati judgement, and held that it should not be applied retrospectively to reopen the validity of any amendment to the Constitution which took place prior to that date.

Doctrine of Severability
This is a doctrine that protects the fundamental rights enshrined in the Constitution.
It is also known as the Doctrine of Separability.
It is mentioned in Article 13, according to which all laws that were enforced in India before the commencement of the Constitution, inconsistent with the provisions of fundamental rights shall to the extent of that inconsistency be void.
This implies that only the parts of the statute that is inconsistent shall be deemed void and not the whole statue. Only those provisions which are inconsistent with fundamental rights shall be void.

Doctrine of Eclipse
This doctrine states that any law that violates fundamental rights is not null or void ab initio, but is only non-enforceable, i.e., it is not dead but inactive. 
This implies that whenever that fundamental right (which was violated by the law) is struck down, the law becomes active again (is revived). 
Another point to note is that the doctrine of eclipse applies only to pre-constitutional laws (laws that were enacted before the Constitution came into force) and not to post-constitutional laws. 
This means that any post-constitutional law which is violative of a fundamental right is void ab initio.